References UK clinical guidance from the NHS, the British HIV Association (BHIVA), and the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH). Last updated: April 2026.
Genital warts are small growths on the genitals or anus caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly types 6 and 11. They’re one of the most common STIs and are spread through skin-to-skin contact during sex. While not dangerous, they can be uncomfortable and distressing. Treatment removes visible warts, and most people’s immune systems clear the virus within 1-2 years.
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Key Facts
| Feature | Detail |
|---|---|
| Cause | HPV types 6 and 11 |
| Appearance | Small flesh-coloured growths, smooth or cauliflower-like |
| Location | Penis, vulva, vagina, anus, cervix, thighs |
| Pain | Usually painless |
| Vaccine | HPV vaccine prevents most cases |
| Treatment | Topical creams, cryotherapy, surgery |
Treatment
- Podophyllotoxin or imiquimod cream (home use)
- Cryotherapy at a clinic
- Surgical or laser removal for larger warts
- Warts may recur after treatment
Prevention
- HPV vaccine — protects against wart-causing types
- Condoms — reduce but don’t eliminate risk
- Most people clear HPV naturally
Read more: What is HPV? | Warts vs herpes | Are warts curable?
Frequently Asked Questions
Are genital warts dangerous?
No — they’re cosmetically bothersome but not a cancer risk (types 6 and 11 are low-risk).
Will they come back?
Possibly, but less likely over time as HPV clears.
Should my partner be treated?
Partners don’t need treatment unless they also have visible warts.
Related reading
- Are Genital Warts Clearable?
- Can You Clear HPV Once You Have It?
- Cervical Screening When You Have HIV
- Genital Warts vs Herpes: What's the Difference?
- How to Prevent HPV
Sources
- NHS — Sexual health conditions
- BASHH — UK clinical guidelines for STI management
- British HIV Association (BHIVA) — HIV treatment guidelines
- Terrence Higgins Trust — sexual health information
- UK Health Security Agency — STI surveillance data
Steve Page is a recognised expert on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and STD treatments, having published numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals and presented his research at conferences around the world. He has an in-depth understanding of the latest medical research on STDs, and is an advocate for the development of new treatments and protocols to improve the health of those affected. In addition to his research, he has dedicated his career to understanding the causes and symptoms of STDs, as well as how to best treat those impacted.
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